IN THE MATTER OF AN ARBITRATION UNDER ANNEX VII TO
THE 1982 UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA
ON THE ISSUE OF THE FEATURE OF TAIPING ISLAND (ITU ABA) PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 121 (1) AND (3) OF THE 1982 UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA
PCA Case No 2013-19
between
THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
and
THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
___________________________________________________
AMICUS CURIAE SUBMISSION BY THE
CHINESE (TAIWAN) SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
___________________________________________________
23 March 2016
Judge Thomas A. Mensah (Presiding Arbitrator)
ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL:
Judge Jean-Pierre Cot
Judge Stanislaw Pawlak
Professor Alfred H.A. Soons
Judge Rüdiger Wolfrum
Table of Contents
A. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................1
i. Identification and Interest of CSIL..............................................................4
ii. Scope of Submission...................................................................................5
iii. Structure of the Submission.......................................................................5
B. CURRENT STATUS OF TAIPING ISLAND............................................................6
C. TAIPING ISLAND IS AN ISLAND WITHIN THE MEANING OF ARTICLE 121(1) OF
THE UNCLOS................................................................................................. 7
D. TAIPING ISLAND CAN SUSTAIN HUMAN HABITATION AND ECONOMIC LIFE OF
ITS OWN ...................................................................................................... 7
i. Taiping Island currently sustains the habitation of hundreds of people..7
ii. Taiping Island has a longstanding history of human habitation.............10
iii. Taiping Island has a rich natural supply of fresh water...........................12
iv. The soil on Taiping Island has existed for more than a thousand years ,
and is capable of supporting indigenous vegetation and agricultural
crops..........................................................................................................15
sustaining human habitation ...................................................................16
v. The original and current vegetation of Taiping Island is capable of
vi. There are numerous natural species on Taiping Island...........................19
vii. Taiping Island can sustain economic life of its own ................................20
E. CONCLUSION...............................................................................................22
A. INTRODUCTION
1. The present amicus curiae brief is submitted by the Chinese (Taiwan)
with Article 1 of Annex VII to the Convention (“the Annex VII arbitral
Society of International Law (“the CSIL”) in relation to the arbitral
proceedings instituted by the Republic of the Philippines (“the Philippines”)
against the People’s Republic of China (“the PRC”) on 22 January 2013
pursuant to Articles 286 and 287 of the 1982 United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea (“the Convention” or “UNCLOS”) and in accordance
proceedings”).
2. The Annex VII arbitral proceedings instituted by the Philippines against the
PRC relate to disputes over maritime claims and entitlements in the South
China Sea.
3. The Philippines stated in Notification and Statement of Claim of the
whether such features are capable of generating entitlement to a maritime
Republic of the Philippines (“Notification and Statement of Claim”) that it
seeks an Award, inter alia, that “determines whether, under Article 121 of
UNCLOS, certain maritime features claimed by both the PRC and the
Philippines are islands, low tide elevations or submerged banks, and
zone greater than 12 [nautical miles].”1
4. The Philippines argued in its Memorial, submitted to the Arbitral Tribunal
Taiping Island (also known as Itu Aba in English) does not have natural
generate entitlement to an Exclusive Economic Zone (“EEZ”) or a
constituted under Annex VII to the Convention on 30 March 2014, that
conditions sufficient to sustain human habitation and economic life of its
own, and is therefore considered a “rock”. As such, Taiping Island cannot
continental shelf under UNCLOS.
5. On 16 December 2014, the Tribunal invited the Philippines and the PRC to
comment on a number of issues, including (a) possible appointment of an
expert hydrographer, (b) the possibility of a site visit, and (c) the
appropriate procedure with regard to any amicus curiae submissions that
1 Notification and Statement of Claim of the Republic of the Philippines, ¶6 (22 January 2013),
https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2165477/phl-prc-notification-and-statement-of-clai
m-on.pdf.
1
the Tribunal may receive.2
6. On 26 January 2015, the Philippines, in a letter sent to the Tribunal, inter
alia, (a) made suggestions as to the appropriate profile of a technical
expert, (b) commented on the desirability and prospects of organizing a
site visit, and (c) commented on appropriate procedures for evaluating any
amicus curiae submission.3
7. On 6 February 2015, the PRC, in a letter sent to the Tribunal, expressed its
“firm opposition” to some of the procedural items raised in the PCA
Correspondence dated 16 December 2014, including “amicus curiae
submissions” and “site visit[s].”4
8. On 7 July 2015, at a hearing on jurisdiction and admissibility, Professor
the largest feature in the Southern Sector, has been occupied by the
Philippe Sands, one of the Philippines’ counsels, stated: “Itu Aba, which is
authorities in Taiwan since 1946. It is no more than 0.43 square kilometers
in size. It has no permanent population. It provides no water suitable for
drinking, and it does not provide a meaningful amount of agricultural
produce.”5
9. The Tribunal forwarded to the Philippines and the PRC documentation
from sources about the status of Itu Aba, including, on 10 November 2015,
copies of Shao, Kwang-Tsao & Lin, Hsing-Juh, eds., A Frontier in the South
China Sea: Biodiversity of Taiping Island, Nansha Islands (December 2014);
and Ministry of the Interior, the Republic of China ("ROC"), Compilation of
Historical Archives on the Southern Territories of the Republic of China (July
2015).
10. On 30 November 2015, during the second oral hearing held at the
Permanent Court of Arbitration ("PCA"), The Hague, Mr. Paul Reichler, one
of the Philippines' legal counsels, in response to the questions raised by
2 Letter sent by Judith Levine, Registrar, to the two parties, PH-CN 130909 (16 December 2014). 3 The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China, Award on Jurisdiction and
Admissibility, PCA Case No 2013-19, ¶63 at 22 (29 October 2015). 4 See The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China, Award on Jurisdiction and
Admissibility, PCA Case No 2013-19, ¶64 at 23 (29 October 2015). 5 See The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China, Final Transcript Day 1-
Hearing on Jurisdiction and Admissibility, at 88 (5 July 2015),
http://www.pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/1399.
2
the Tribunal concerning the legal status of Itu Aba, made the following
eight propositions:
(1) there is no fresh water on Itu Aba suitable for drinking or
capable of sustaining a human settlement;
(2) there is no natural source of nourishment on the feature
capable of sustaining a human settlement;
(3) there is no soil on Itu Aba capable of facilitating any kind of
agricultural production that could sustain human habitation;
(4) there has never been a population on the feature that is
indigenous to it;
(5) excluding military garrisons, there has never been human
settlement of any kind on Itu Aba;
(6) there was not even a military occupation prior to World War
II;
(7) the Taiwanese troops that are garrisoned at Itu Aba are
entirely dependent for their survival on supplies from Taiwan,
and apart from sunlight and air, they derive nothing they need
from the feature itself;
(8) no economic activity has been or is performed on Itu Aba.6
11. On 5 February 2016, the Tribunal sent a letter to the Philippines and the
January 2016), headlined “Taiping Island is an island, not a rock, and the
PRC inviting them to comment, inter alia, on Press Release No. 023 (23
ROC possesses full rights associated with an exclusive economic zone and
continental shelf in accordance with UNCLOS”7 and the “Remarks by
President Ma Ying-jeou on Taiping Island, dated 28 January 2016.”8
6 See The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China, Final Transcript Day 4-
Hearing on the Merits and Remaining Issues of Jurisdiction and Admissibility, at 41-42 (30
November 2015), http://www.pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/1550. 7 See Exhibit 1, Taiping Island Is an Island, Not a Rock, and the ROC Possesses Full Rights Associated
with an Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf in accordance with UNCLOS, ROC Ministry
of Foreign Affairs Press Release No. 23 (23 January 2016),
http://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1EADDCFD4C6EC567&s=542A8C89D51D8739
(last visited 14 March 2016). 8 See Exhibit 2, Remarks by President Ma on Taiping Island, ROC Office of the President (28 January,
2016), http://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=1124&itemid=36634&view=home (last
visited 14 March 2016).
3
i. Identification and Interest of CSIL
12. The CSIL9, originally named the Chinese Society of International Law, was
the network of the International Law Association (“ILA”) and serves as its
established on 10 August 1958 as an independent non-profit academic
association under the laws of the ROC on Taiwan. In 1961, the CSIL joined
branch in Taiwan. The main objectives of the CSIL include issuing
publications on international law and newsletters, dissemination of
knowledge and information concerning international law, and the
organization of academic seminars and conferences on international law.10
13. In addition to participating in ILA events and activities, in the past 50 years,
the CSIL has hosted numerous international law conferences, including the
first ILA Asia-Pacific Regional Conference in 1995, the ILA’s 68th Taipei
Asia-Pacific Regional Conference, and the 2013 and 2015 ILA-ASIL
Asia-Pacific Research Forums.
14. The CSIL began publishing The Annals of the Chinese Society of
Biennial Conference in 1998, the 2011 International Law Association
International Law in 1964. In 1981, Professor Hungdah Chiu became the
Editor-in-Chief, and the publication was renamed Chinese Yearbook of
International Law and Affairs (later changed to Chinese (Taiwan) Yearbook
of International Law and Affairs). The Yearbook publishes articles on
multi-disciplinary topics, with a focus on international and comparative
law issues regarding Taiwan, mainland China and the Asia-Pacific, which
can be accessed through electronic databases including Westlaw,
HeinOnline, and BrillOnline.
15. Recently, it has come to the attention of the CSIL that in the Annex VII
arbitral proceedings The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic
of China, certain assertions identifying the feature of Taiping Island as a
“rock” under Article 121 (3) of the Convention are inaccurate or misleading.
16. To facilitate a more comprehensive study of Taiping Island from the
9 The CSIL, http://csil.org.tw/home/about/ (last visited 14 March 2016). 10 CSIL members comprise academics, lawyers, judges, diplomats, students, and other individuals
with expertise and interest in international law. Professor Nigel N.T. Li currently serves as the
President of CSIL.
4
formed the “International Law Task Force of the South China Sea” (“South
scientific, historical, cultural and legal perspectives, the board of the CSIL
China Sea Task Force”). Task Force members were invited to visit the island
in December 2015 and January 2016, and the Task Force presents this
amicus curiae brief on behalf of the CSIL with assistance from Lee and Li,
Attorneys-at-Law on a pro bono basis.
17. In submitting this amicus curiae brief, the CSIL hereby also sincerely
full-fledged island that can sustain human habitation and economic life of
expresses to the Tribunal its willingness to help arrange a visit by the
arbitrators to Taiping Island to verify the facts submitted by the CSIL in this
amicus curiae brief, and thus conclude that Taiping Island is, indeed, a
its own within the meaning of Article 121 of the UNCLOS.
ii. Scope of Submission
18. The present submission has one purpose: to provide further factual
the legal status of Taiping Island, determining that it is an island under
Article 121(1), not a "rock" under Article 121(3), and is therefore entitled to
information that may assist the Arbitral Tribunal in reaching a decision on
all rights provided for in Article 121(2) of the UNCLOS.
iii. Structure of the Submission
19. Following the present introductory section, this submission consists of an
additional four sections:
(1) Section B describes the current status of Taiping Island;
(2) Section C explains why Taiping Island is an island within the
meaning of Article 121(1) of the UNCLOS;
(3) Section D explains why Taiping Island can sustain human
habitation and economic life of its own by providing further
factual information:
i. It currently sustains the habitation of hundreds of people;
5
ii. It has a longstanding history of human habitation;
iii. It has an abundant natural supply of fresh water;
iv. The soil on the island has existed for more than a thousand
years, and is capable of supporting indigenous vegetation and
agricultural crops;
v. The original and current vegetation on the island is capable of
sustaining human habitation;
vi. There are numerous species on the island;
vii. The island can sustain economic life of its own.
(4) Finally, in Section E, it is concluded that Taiping Island is an
island under Article 121 (1), not a rock under Article 121 (3) of
the UNCLOS, because it can sustain human habitation and
economic life of its own, and that therefore, under Article
121(2), it is capable of generating entitlement to maritime
zones greater than a 12 nm territorial sea, including a 200 nm
EEZ and a continental shelf.
B. CURRENT STATUS OF TAIPING ISLAND
20. Taiping Island is an inherent part of the territory of the ROC. It is the
the ROC government dispatched a navy ship, the ROCS Taiping, to take
the present, the ROC has thus had effective control over Taiping Island for
largest island in the Nansha (Spratly) Islands, and the only island with a
natural supply of freshwater. Following World War II, in December of 1946,
possession of, and thereby recover, Taiping Island. Since June of 1946 until
70 consecutive years.11
11 See Exhibit 2, Remarks by President Ma on Taiping Island, ROC Office of the President (28 January
2016), http://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=1124&itemid=36634&view=home (last
visited 14 March 2016).
6
C. TAIPING ISLAND IS AN ISLAND WITHIN THE MEANING OF ARTICLE 121(1)
OF THE UNCLOS
21. Taiping Island, located at 10°22'40'' N, 114°21'55" E, is a naturally formed
area of land surrounded by water in the South China Sea. Taiping Island is
1,289.3 meters in length, and 365.7 meters in width, with a land area of
0.51 square kilometers during high tide, and 0.98 square kilometers
during low tide.
and original vegetation, with a generally flat topography and an elevation
of between 4-6 meters above sea level. It is the largest feature in the
naturally occurring Spratly Islands in the South China Sea.13
12 Taiping Island is a coral reef island covered by natural
22. Taiping Island has long been considered to be an island by all the States
bordering the South China Sea, as well as other States not in the region. It
has long been recognized as an island by eminent scholars in the field of
international law of the sea, as well as by scientists.14
D. TAIPING ISLAND CAN SUSTAIN HUMAN HABITATION AND ECONOMIC LIFE
OF ITS OWN
i. Taiping Island currently sustains the habitation of hundreds of people
12 Previous land survey showed that the size of the island was 0.49 square kilometers during high tide.
However, according to a more recent survey, the size of the island was 0.51 square kilometers. 13 The Introduction of Taiping Island, ROC Ministry of Interior, http://www.ey.gov.tw/st
ate/News_Content3.aspx?n=690B370D978A0943&s=C26FDDD8B7870584 (last visited 14 March,
2016). 14 See Exhibit 3, Kuan-Hsiung Wang, Claims in South China Sea Arbitration Undermine Efforts to
Resolve Disputes, MALAYA BUSINESS INSIGHT, Jan. 5, 2016; see also Exhibit 4, Yann-Huei Song, The
South China Sea Arbitration Filed by the Philippines against China: Arguments concerning Low Tide
Elevations, Rocks, and Islands, 21 CHINA OCEANS LAW REVIEW 294, 347-348 (2015); see also Yann-Huei
Song, The South China Sea Arbitration Case and Legal Status of Taiping island-Taiwan's view, Vol.
11, No. 2 CHINESE (TAIWAN) REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL AND TRANSITIONAL LAW 181, 181-191, 202 (2015);
Exhibit 5, Yann-Huei Song, Legal Status of Taiping Island under the United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea, 3 KOREAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW 115, 115-138 (2015);
Exhibit 6, Robert Beckman, International Law, UNCLOS and the South China Sea in BEYOND
TERRITORIAL DISPUTES IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA 61 (Robert Beckman et al., eds., 2013); Exhibit 7, Robert
Beckman & Clive Schofield, Defining EEZ Claims from Islands: A Potential South China Sea Change,
29 INT’L JOURNAL OF MARINE & COASTAL LAW 193, 210 (2014); Exhibit 8, Bill Hayton, THE SOUTH CHINA SEA:
THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER IN ASIA 111 (2014).
7
23. As of today, the number of residents on Taiping Island is consistently
maintained at around two hundred (200) people,15 comprising mostly
coast guard personnel, soldiers, and civilians such as physicians, dentists,
nurses, construction workers, and academic researchers,
have registered their permanent residency on Taiping Island.
residents constitute evidence proving that Taiping Island can currently
sustain human habitation.
16 some of whom
24. There are numerous established facilities which serve the population on
the Island, including but not limited to:
residential facilities;
electric power generation facilities (diesel generators and solar cell
panels);20,21
roads;22
15 Jon M. Van Dyke, Legal Status of Islands-With Reference to Article 121(3) of the UN Convention
on the Law of the Sea (1999) (conference paper presented in Seoul, Korea). According to this paper,
Prof. Jon M. Van Dyke suggests that “only islands that have shown the ability to sustain stable
human populations of at least 50 persons should be allowed to generate maritime zones.” In
addition, he said, the land feature in question should have fresh water, is capable to grow
agricultural production, and has materials for building human shelter. 16 See Exhibit 2, Remarks by President Ma on Taiping Island, ROC Office of the President (28 January
2016), http://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=1124&itemid=36634&view=home (last
visited 14 March 2016). 17 On 25 September, 1980, eight (8) team members of a special task force from the Fisheries
Research Institute, ROC Council of Agriculture registered their permanent residence on Taiping
Island (during the period of their research). See Exhibit 9, photographs of the meeting minutes
regarding the report of eight (8) team members of a special task force from the Fisheries Research
Institute, ROC Council of Agriculture, who registered their permanent residence on Taiping Island,
provided by the ROC Ministry of Interior. 18 Taiwan news media reported that three nurses decided to register their permanent residence on
Taiping Island and to provide humanitarian healthcare aid on the Island. Nurse Becomes First to
Register Her Residence in Nansha, FOCUS TAIWAN NEWS CHANNEL, 31 January, 2016, http://focu
staiwan.tw/news/asoc/201601300014.aspx (last visited 14 March 2016). 19 One of the reasons why there are only a few residents living on Taiping Island is because Taiping
Island has long been designated as a controlled area pursuant to the ROC laws for the purpose of
(1) national security, and (2) environmental preservation. See Public Announcement of ROC
Ministry of Security and Ministry of the Interior, Zhao-Yang-Zi No. 4678 (7 January 1992); see also
Public Announcement of the Bureau of Construction, Kaohsiung City Government,
Gao-Shi-Jian-She-Yi-Zi No. 0960004708 (1 March 2006). 20 Electricity is provided through diesel generators and a solar power system that generates up to
170,000 KWH per year. See Exhibit 2, Remarks by President Ma on Taiping Island, ROC Office of the
President (28 January 2016), http://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=1124&itemid=36
634&view=home (last visited 14 March 2016). 21 See Exhibit 10, photograph of the electricity facilities, published on the official website of ROC
Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
http://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=539A9A50A5F8AF9
E&sms=37B41539382B84BA&s=542A8C89D51D8739 (last visited 14 March 2016). 22 See Exhibit 11, photograph of roads dated 23 January 2016.
8
one hospital (Nansha Hospital) with ten beds and three doctors,
including a dentist, and three nurses;
a post office (Kaohsiung Post Office, Nansha Postal Agency);24,25
a temple (Guanyin Temple)26,27 and a shrine (Earth God Shrine);28
two wharfs/piers;29
a lighthouse;30,31
a fishermen’s service station;32
burial sites;33
a 1,200-meter long airstrip;34
23
23 See Exhibit 12, photograph of the Nansha Hospital, published on the official website of ROC
Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
http://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=539A9A50A5F8AF9E&sms=37B41539382B84
BA&s=542A8C89D51D8739 (last visited 14 March 2016). 24 See Exhibit 13, photographs of the Nansha Postal Agency, published on the official website of
Southern Coastal Patrol Office, Coast Guard Administration, ROC Executive Yuan,
http://www.cga.gov.
tw/GipOpen/wSite/ct?xItem=82030&ctNode=8159&mp=9991 (last visited 14 March 2016). 25 The Nansha Postal Agency was established on 8 January, 2013 to facilitate the postal services on
the Island. See Declaring the sovereignty over South China Sea, The Dongsha and Nansha Postal
Agencies are Opened [東、南沙郵政代辦所揭牌], CNA NEWS, 9 January 2013,
http://www.cna.com.tw/postwrite/Detail/119430.aspx#.VtZUo3196_6 (last visited 14 March
2016). 26 Guanyin Temple was built in 1959 to meet the spiritual needs of people stationed on Taiping Island.
The original temple was built in the form of a big shrine using readily available materials, with its
pillars made from cans strung together. The temple underwent several renovations. See Exhibit 1,
Taiping Island Is an Island, Not a Rock, and the ROC Possesses Full Rights Associated with an
Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf in accordance with UNCLOS, ROC Ministry of
Foreign Affairs Press Release No. 23 (23 January 2016),
http://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1EADDCFD4
C6EC567&s=542A8C89D51D8739 (last visited 14 March 2016). 27 See Exhibit 14, photograph of the Guanyin Temple, published on the official website of ROC
Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
http://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=539A9A50A5F8AF9
&sms=37B41539382B84BA&s=542A8C89D51D8739 (last visited 14 March 2016). 28 See Exhibit 15, photograph of the Earth God Shrine dated 23 January 2016. 29 See Exhibit 16, photographs of the wharfs/piers dated 23 January 2016. 30 See Exhibit 17, photographs of the lighthouse dated 23 January 2016. 31 See Public Announcement of the ROC Maritime and Port Bureau Regarding the Establishment of a
New Lighthouse on Taiping Island, No. L10412014 (16 December 2015), https://www.fa.gov.tw/
cht/AnnounceSafety/content.aspx?id=500&chk=ad2c063c-bb6f-4de9-ac2d-81c0d353e307¶m
=pn%3D1; see also ROC Executive Yuan Minister Meeting Minutes Regarding the Completion of the
Construction of a New Light House on Taiping Island, Resolution No. 3479 (17 December 2015),
http://www.ey.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=4F2A6F26A44C68AC&sms=FF87AB3AC4507DE
3&s=E5F7DB5657CF47C1 (last visited 14 March 2016). 32 The affairs of the Marine Bureau, Kaohsiung City Government, ROC includes operatingoperating a
fishermen’s service station, see Description of the Affairs/Responsibilities of Marine Bureau,
Kaohsiung City Government, ROC, http://kcmb.godsmt.com.tw/main.php?po=about3&op=web_1
a command outpost established by the ROC Coast Guard;35 and
25. As early as the Sung Dynasty (960-1279 A.D.) and the Qing Dynasty
fishermen's diaries, which can be found in various archaeological studies in
the Chinese language. These historical diaries all indicate that Taiping
(1644-1912 A.D.), human activity on Taiping Island was recorded in
Island was the main foothold for people beginning their voyage to the
South China Sea, or engaged in economic activities such as fishing in the
waters surrounding the Spratly Islands. Some historical sites still exist on
Taiping Island, in particular, an old tomb with a gravestone depicting three
Chinese characters, the name of a deceased male named “郭純直” (in
Romanized form: “Chun-Zhi Guo”. That gravestone also has the two
Chinese characters“皇清” (“Royal Qing” in English) carved on it, attesting
to the fact that humans have inhabited Taiping Island at least since the
26. Furthermore, numerous human habitation activities on Taiping Island have
worldwide, showing that there is indeed a longstanding history of human
also been recorded in various documents, studies and investigations
habitation on Taiping Island. According to the China Sea Directory
published in 1867 by the Hydrographic Department, Great Britain,
observed by British marine personnel, “Hainan fishermen”, who subsisted
by collecting trepang (“sea cucumbers” in English) and tortoise-shell, were
38 as
found on most of the islands of Tizard Bank, including Taiping Island (Itu
Aba). The China Sea Directory also noted that junks, i.e., ancient Chinese
the entire South-Eastern coastal region of China) annually visited the
sailing ships, from Hainan (a specific place name that generally referred to
35 See Exhibit 20, photograph of the command outpost of the ROC Coast Guard dated 23 January
2016. 36 See Exhibit 21, photographs of the monuments dated 23 January 2016. 37 See Exhibit 22, photographs of the old tomb, published on the official website of ROC Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, http://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=539A9A50A5F8AF9E&sms=37
B41539382B84BA&s=542A8C89D51D8739 (last visited 14 March 2016). 38 Hydrographic Department, Great Britain, CHINA SEA DIRECTORY, Volume II, 66 (2nd ed., 1879).
islands in the China Sea with supplies of rice and other necessities, in
exchange for which the fishermen traded trepang and other articles, and
remitted their profits home. The British marine personnel also recorded
that the fishermen on Taiping Island (Itu Aba) lived more comfortably than
those in other locations, and that the water found in the well on Taiping
the Hydrographic Office under the authority of the Secretary of the United
Island was better than elsewhere. The Asiatic Pilot, published in 1925 by
States Navy, also recorded the same information as the China Sea Directory
regarding the lives and economic activities of Hainan fishermen on the
27. Human habitation on Taiping Island on an even larger scale was recorded
trees, and wooden hut(s) in which Chinese people lived.40 Afterward,
starting in the early 20th century. According to the diary of Okura Unosuke
(小倉卯之助), a Japanese national who was sent in 1919 to investigate the
mining resources of phosphoric guano in the South China Sea, when he
landed on Taiping Island, there were dense groves of coconut and banana
since1921, Rasa Island Phosphate Ore, Ltd. (ラサ島燐鉱株式会社) started
mining on Taiping Island (“Long Island” in Japanese). The company set up
dormitories, warehouses, offices, a medical station, weather stations, and
constructed a bridge on the sea that was 153 meters long. For a certain
period of time, reports state that the number of residents on Taiping Island
increased from approximately 200 to 600, some of whom were workers
and employees of the company.41 Another article published in the Taiwan
Times in 1939 also stated that when Japanese companies started the
mining business on Taiping Island in 1924, they met three (3) Chinese
people who lived on the Island and made their living by fishing and trading
sea cucumbers and top shells (a marine mollusk), which have high
commercial value.42 From 1939 to 1945 (the Japanese Occupation period),
the Japanese government occupied and stationed troops on Taiping Island,
which was deemed one of the most important strongholds during the
39 Hydrographic Office, Secretary of the United States Navy, ASIATIC PILOT, Volume IV, 117-118 (2nd ed.,
1925). 40 See Exhibit 23, Unosuke Kokura (小倉卯之助), THE ISLANDS OF STORM [暴風の島], 179-184 (1940). 41 See Exhibit 24, Yun-ichi Yamamoto (山本運一), The Brief History of the Sinnan Islands [新南群島略
史], 3(7) SCIENCE OF TAIWAN [科学の台湾], 23 (1939); see also Exhibit 25, Determination Regarding
Jurisdiction of New Southern Archipelago will be Announced Today [新南群島の管轄決定きょう
公告], OSAKA ASAHI SHIMBUM [大阪朝日新聞], 18 April 1939. 42 See Exhibit 26, Histories of New Southern Archipelago [新南群島の今昔], TAIWAN TIMES [台湾時報],
South Pacific War. The Japanese troops set up a marine corps, a weather
information team, communication and reconnaissance airplane dispatch
recorded by various documents worldwide since the early 20th century, a
teams, a submarine base and a seafood cannery on the Island.43 Thus, as
wide variety of human activities have taken place on Taiping Island.
28. When the ROC government took over and thereby recovered Taiping Island
groundwater wells, an abandoned wharf, and even a shepherd dog were
found on the Island, all evidence proving previous human habitation.44,45
Subsequently, the ROC government conducted various activities on Taiping
Island, including mining, fishing, livestock breeding, farming and
agricultural activities, as well as research, all of which evidence that human
habitation and activities have continued in the late 20th century and on
29. Taiping Island has an abundant supply of groundwater.46 Scientific studies
of the Holocene geology of Taiping Island (“Geological On-site Survey”)47
indicate that due to the porous nature of bioclastic sands and the coral
43 Dar-Jen Tseng et al. (eds.), A FRONTIER IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA: BIODIVERSITY OF TAIPING ISLAND, NANSHA
ISLANDS [南疆沃海:南沙太平島生物多樣性] 7 (Construction and Planning Agency, ROC Ministry of
the Interior, 2014). In this report, it is stated that “During World War II, Japanese troops have been
garrisoned on the Island. Except for the marine corps, weather information team, communication
and reconnaissance airplane dispatch teams, Japanese troops also established a submarine base
and a seafood cannery on the Island.” 44 See Dun-Qian Li (李敦謙), The Spot Report of Garrison on Taiping Island [進駐南沙群島記實], 64(6)
SHANGHAI MISCELLANY [中外雜誌] 25 (1998). In this article, Commander Li stated that “On the Island,
there were several buildings, a stele, temples and wells, an abandoned wharf, and even a shepherd
dog were founded on the Island, which all amount to prove of previous human habitation.” 45 See Exhibit 27, photographs of several buildings, a stele, temples, groundwater wells, an
abandoned wharf, provided by ROC Ministry of National Defense (Case Name: Garrison on Taiping
Island, File No. 0035/061.8/3030; Case Name: Investigation Report on Paracel and Nansha Islands,
File No. 0035/944/1060) and ROC Ministry of Interior (Case Name: Garrison on Taiping Island, File
No. 0036/E41502/1). 46 See Exhibit 1, Taiping Island Is an Island, Not a Rock, and the ROC Possesses Full Rights Associated
with an Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf in accordance with UNCLOS, ROC. Ministry
http://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1EADDCFD4C6EC567&s=542A8C89D51D873
9 (last visited 14 March 2016). 47 See Exhibit 28, Shou-Yeh Gong (宮守業) & Kuo-Yen Wei (魏國彥), Preliminary Studies on the
reef underneath, Taiping Island has a permanent freshwater lens. The
Geological On-site Survey notes that for decades, more than 100 marines
or coast guard personnel have lived on the island, relying on groundwater
because the fresh water is easily replenished by precipitation, which
averages 1800-2200 mm per year. It is estimated that 0.9-1.1 million cubic
30. Currently, there are four groundwater wells operating on Taiping Island
well supplying drinking water.48 According to a field scientific survey
(Well Nos. 5, 9, 10, and 11), with Well No. 5 being the main groundwater
conducted on 22 and 23 January 2016 (“Water Quality On-site Survey”),49
based on the observation of rainwater infiltration to the aquifer storage, it
is estimated that the total quantity of groundwater supplied by the
aforementioned four wells could reach 237,000 tons per year. Among
supplies 2 to 3 tons of drinking water per day, while Well No.7 can supply
those wells, one well is used for cultivating tilapia, and Well No. 5 alone
42 tons, and Well No. 10 supplies 20 tons of water per day. That means the
wells can supply a total of 65 tons of water, including drinking water, per
day. Based on the average amount of drinking water required per person
per day (i.e. 2,000 c.c.), Well No. 5 alone could supply drinking water to as
31. According to the Water Quality On-site Survey, the quality of the
groundwater drawn from the four wells has been proved to be suitable for
from the four wells ranges from 26.9 °C to 29.3 °C, and the pH is fairly
than 1‰, while the other three wells measured between 1‰ and 3‰, far
from all four (4) groundwater wells usable for cleaning, sanitation, and
daily human use, and in particular, the quality of the water drawn from
Well No. 5 is suitable for drinking. The temperature of the groundwater
stable at 7.3 to 7.7. The salinity of the water from Well No. 5 was lower
below the average salinity of 33‰ to 35‰ of sea water, making the water
cultivation. For Well No. 5 in particular, the total dissolved solids content
48 See Exhibit 2, Remarks by President Ma on Taiping Island, ROC Office of the President (28 January,
2016), http://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=1124&itemid=36634&view=home (last
visited 14 March 2016). 49 See Exhibit 29, Ta-Wei Chang (張大偉), Water Quality and Agricultural Environment Survey-
Groundwater Quality and Hydrology Survey Report. The field analysis conducted on the
underground water supplied from 4 wells on Taiping Island includes: temperature, pH, conductivity
(EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), redox potential (ORP), total dissolved solids (TDS), and salinity; other
laboratory analysis includes main cations K, Na, Ca, and Mg, and anions SO42-, Cl-, CO32-, HCO3-.
(results obtained from two samplings are at 427 mg/L and 418 mg/L,
respectively, close to the quality of Evian, brand bottled water, one of the
most well-known brands of natural mineral water in the world, at 330
mg/L.50) meet the ROC's Drinking Water Quality Standards and Standard of
standards/definitions of fresh water provided by different renowned
institutions, such as Practical Fishkeeping (which defines freshwater as
water which contains total dissolved solids of less than 3,000 mg/L), the
American Meteorological Society and the US Geological Survey (1,000
fresh water supplied by Well No. 5 is indisputably suitable for drinking. In
mg/L), and the Groundwater Foundation (USA) (500 mg/L). Therefore, the
comparison, the Water Quality On-site Survey results show that the quality
of water supplied by Well No. 5 on Taiping Island is even better than that
of Penghu Island (Pescadores, 澎湖), another island appertaining to the
ROC (Taiwan), which is currently home to approximately 100,000 residents.
32. In fact, quality freshwater on Taiping Island has been recorded and
attested to by a great deal of historical documentary evidence, including
52 all evidencing
that the water found in the wells on Taiping Island is suitable for drinking,
Japanese government official, Hitoshi Hiratsuka (平塚均), was sent to
Taiping Island and recorded that out of the four wells on the Island, one
well can supply about 10 tons of drinking water per day.53 Osaka Asahi
time ago on Taiping Island, and fishermen used to visit the Island to obtain
and that its quality is superior to water in other locations. In 1937, a
Newspapers in 1939 also reported that drinking water was available a long
drinking water during sailing trips.54 Historical documentary evidence also
shows that Taiping Island had a freshwater supply when the ROC
government took over, and thereby recovered Taiping Island in 1946.55
http://evianwebsite.s3.amazonaws.com/website/files/evian-2014-AWQR-ENG.pdf. 51 Hydrographic Department, Great Britain, CHINA SEA DIRECTORY, Volume II, 66 (2nd ed., 1879). 52 Hydrographic Office, Secretary of the United States Navy, ASIATIC PILOT, Volume IV, 117-118 (2nd ed.,
1925). 53 See Exhibit 30, Hitoshi Hiratsuka (平塚均), The advanced base for expanding fishery business to
southern area: New Southern Archipelago-Report of On-site Survey [漁業南進の前哨地.新南群
島-實地調查記], TAIWAN TIMES [台湾時報], May 1939, at 208-210. 54 See Exhibit 25, Determination Regarding Jurisdiction of New Southern Archipelago will be
Announced Today [新南群島の管轄決定きょう公告], OSAKA ASAHI SHIMBUM [大阪朝日新聞], 18
April, 1939. 55 See Dun-Qian Li (李敦謙), The Spot Report of Garrison on Taiping Island [進駐南沙群島記實], 64(6)
iv. The soil on Taiping Island has existed for more than a thousand years ,
and is capable of supporting indigenous vegetation and agricultural crops
33. According to the Geological On-site Survey and a field survey on Taiping
56 Taiping Island is a sand cay that consists of
entirely bioclastic sands, was developed on Holocene coral reefs, and is
surrounded by modern coral reefs along the outer margin. Coral ages in
drill core and beach rocks along the northern coast of Taiping Island
indicate that it has stabilized and emerged over 4,000 years ago. According
sands measured 9 meters thick. Under the sands, Holocene coral reefs
to the vertical line representing the core drilled in 1981, the bioclastic
were found between 9 to 21 meters deep. The top of the coral reefs under
the sands was dated to 4761±115 calendar years before the present (cal. yr
from 3718±92 near the island to 1193±71 cal. yr BP toward the margin of
the reef flat. Living coral reefs surround the reef flat along the outer
BP). The top of the reef flat surrounding the sand cay was dated in a range
margin. In sum, the sand cay started about 4,700 years ago overlying coral
reefs, and the reef flat surrounding the island continued to expand
outward for at least 4,000 years, indicating that the sand cay has been
stable and expanding during that period. Based on the foregoing, the age
of the Taiping Island formation is consistent with the period when reef
islands in the Western Pacific emerged with falling sea levels after the
34. The soil on Taiping Island is naturally formed, has existed for more than
1,000 years, and can be utilized for native plant growth as well as
agricultural production.57 According to the scientific field survey on the soil
SHANGHAI MISCELLANY [中外雜誌] 25 (1998). In the spot report, Commander Li stated that “At the
center of the Island, there was a well in which fresh groundwater was available, and the water was
very refreshing. This groundwater well was exactly the source of drinking water for our military
garrison.” 56 See Exhibit 28, Shou-Yeh Gong (宮守業) & Kuo-Yen Wei (魏國彥), Preliminary Studies on the
Holocene Geology of Taiping Island; see also Shou-Yeh Gong et al., Dry Climate near the Western
PALAEOGEOGRAPHY, PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY, PALAEOECOLOGY 205, 205-213 (2005). 57 See Exhibit 2, Remarks by President Ma on Taiping Island, ROC Office of the President (28 January,
2016), http://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=1124&itemid=36634&view=home (last
tropical natural forest, and shrub area), the field results reveal that the soil
weathering of debris material from coral reefs or shell sand. The Soil
of Taiping Island, including that on the only farm on the Island, conducted
on 22 and 23 January 2016 (“Soil On-site Survey”),58 by observing the
soil-profile characteristics including the depth, color, texture (sand, silt and
clay content), structure and consistency, root size and distribution, biopore,
and the boundary of the soil horizon from Taiping Island’s five (5)
respective areas (i.e., the grass land, coconut field, agricultural field,
pedons on Taiping Island can be classified as Entisols based on the USDA
soil classification system, which were formed mainly through the
On-site Survey also found that the soil has a well-formed soil horizon,
proving that the soil on Taiping Island has existed for around 1,000 years.
With its abundance of natural forest resources, Taiping Island’s surface soil
is mainly sandy soil mixed with litterfall organic matter. Along with soil
pedogenic processes, litterfall decomposition can naturally release
nutrients that maintain the ecological balance. Subsequently, the granular
soil structure and biological activities of roots and microorganisms can be
observed in the surface soils (0-20 cm depth) which can naturally sustain
both the native ecosystem and crop production (further explained below).
In sum, the soils on Taiping Island can support indigenous vegetation and
v. The original and current vegetation of Taiping Island is capable of
35. Due to its favorable soil and water conditions, as well as the tropical
climate, Taiping Island has abundant natural vegetation and many
land-based indigenous plant species. Its primeval coastal forest area is
fairly dense, effectively conserving water resources, preventing forest
transpiration, and replenishing soil humus.59 According to the literature60
visited 14 March, 2016). 58 See Exhibit 31, Zueng-Sang Chen (陳尊賢), Brief Report of Soil Resources Survey of Taiping Island.
For the soil-profile characteristics of the “Happy Farm”, please refer to the Soil On-site Survey (at
10-12) for more detailed studies. 59 See Exhibit 1, Taiping Island Is an Island, Not a Rock, and the ROC Possesses Full Rights Associated
with an Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf in accordance with UNCLOS, ROC. Ministry
http://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1EADDCFD4C6EC567&s=542A8C89D51D873
and the on-site scientific survey of the vegetation of Taiping Island
conducted on 22 and 23 January 2016 (“Vegetation On-site Survey”)61,
there are 149 land-based vascular plant species and 27 types of edible
vegetation extant on Taiping Island. The island also has approximately 50
wild papaya trees and 500 wild coconut trees, producing approximately
the average annual production of a mature coconut tree (i.e., 40-60
200-300 kilos of papayas and numerous coconuts each year.62 Considering
coconuts), the total production capacity of coconut trees on Taiping Island,
mathematically, may reach 20,000-30,000 per year. Other vegetables such
as melons, pumpkins, kidney beans, corn, loofah, roselle, peppers, guavas,
madeira vines, sweet potatoes, ginger and bananas, are also planted and
produced on Taiping Island. The above vegetation is all suitable for human
36. Apart from the edible vegetation noted above, according to the Vegetation
tall, indicating a stable forest environment that is capable of holding water,
with a DBH of over 100 cm. Most of the trees are estimated to range from
On-site Survey, the coastal forest is fairly dense, with trees up to 20 meters
preserving evaporation, providing natural shelter and replenishing soil
humus.63,64 The Vegetation On-site Survey also found Calophyllum
inophyllum on the walking path around Taiping Island with a Diameter at
Breast Height ("DBH") of more than 100 cm. In fact, there are 147 trees
100 to 150 years old, proving that the plants have existed on Taiping Island
60 Dar-Jen Tseng et al. (eds.), A FRONTIER IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA: BIODIVERSITY OF TAIPING ISLAND, NANSHA
ISLANDS [南疆沃海:南沙太平島生物多樣性] (Construction and Planning Agency, ROC Ministry of
the Interior, 2014); Tseng Chieng Huang et al., The Flora of Taipingtao [太平島植物相], 39 TAIWANIA
[植物科學期刊] 1, 1 (1994), http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/abstract.php?id=232 (last visited 14
March, 2016). We note that on page 1 of The Flora of Taipingtao, it is stated that "the underground
water is salty and unusable for drinking." However, such statement was not supported by any
scientific study or evidence. 61 See Exhibit 32, Chien-Fan Chen (陳建帆), Water Quality and Agricultural Environment Survey of
Taiping Island-The Flora and Vegetation Survey Report. 62 See Exhibit 1, Taiping Island Is an Island, Not a Rock, and the ROC Possesses Full Rights Associated
with an Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf in accordance with UNCLOS, ROC. Ministry
http://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1EADDCFD4C6EC567&s=542A8C89D51D873
9 (last visited 14 March 2016). 63 See Exhibit 32, Chien-Fan Chen (陳建帆), Water Quality and Agricultural Environment Survey of
Taiping Island-The Flora and vegetation Survey Report. 64 Dar-Jen Tseng et al. (eds.), A FRONTIER IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA: BIODIVERSITY OF TAIPING ISLAND, NANSHA
ISLANDS [南疆沃海:南沙太平島生物多樣性] 29-30 (Construction and Planning Agency, ROC
37. Another scientific report made in 1994 regarding the flora of Taiping Island
indicated that the indigenous vegetation of Taiping Island is similar to
another Island that is ROC (Taiwan)’s sovereign territory, Orchid Island (蘭
66 which is currently home to nearly 5,000 residents, mostly indigenous
67 The evidence thus shows that the original and natural
vegetation of Taiping Island is capable of sustaining human habitation, just
38. Historically, Taiping Island has been an island with abundant indigenous
vegetation. An article published in the French magazine Illustration in 1933
described Taiping Island as an island covered in greenery, from which
coconut palms sprang.68 A news report entitled “France's New Island”
published in the South China Morning Post in 1933, also stated that
Chinese people from Hainan lived on the Island, subsisting on the products
of a small domain on which are planted coconut trees, bananas and sweet
69 According to the Osaka Asahi Newspapers, in 1933 Taiping
Island was an island with a dense forest of papaya; it further noted that
there remained fine palm fields, pineapple fields and sugar cane fields.70
An article published in the Taiwan Times in 1939 also stated that there
were papaya trees, bananas and pineapple grown on the seashore, and
that peppers, pumpkins and napa grew well all through the years.71
food in Asia) were also cultivated on Taiping Island.72 All these written
65 See Exhibit 32, Chien-Fan Chen (陳建帆), Water Quality and Agricultural Environment Survey of
Taiping Island-The Flora and vegetation Survey Report. 66 Tseng-Chieng Huang et al., The Flora of Taipingtao [太平島植物相], 39 TAIWANIA [植物科學期刊] 1,
1-12 (1994), http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/taiwania/abstract.php?id=232 (last visited 14 March, 2016). 67 The Population Statistics of January 2016, Taitung Household Registration Office, Taitung City,
http://tth.taitung.gov.tw/files/11-1000-320.php (last visited 14 March, 2016). 68 See Exhibit 33, French Flag on the Unoccupied Islands, ILLUSTRATION (1933). 69 See France’s New Islands, SOUTH CHINA MORNING POST, 28 August 1933. 70 See Exhibit 34, Look, Japan Made Significant Marks Everywhere [見よ、到る所”日本”の足跡は躍
動], OSAKA ASAHI SHIMBUM[大阪朝日新聞], 6 September 1933. 71 See Exhibit 26, Histories of New Southern Archipelago [新南群島の今昔], TAIWAN TIMES [台湾時報],
May 1939, at 190-208. 72 See Exhibit 35, Noritaka Fujishima (藤島範孝), Discussions on the names of islands in the Southern
China Sea [南中国海(南海)諸島の島礁名について], 9 THE HOKKAIDO GENERAL EDUCATION REVIEW OF
KOMAZAWA UNIVERSITY [駒澤大學北海道教養部論集] 56-70 (1994); see also Exhibit 30, Hitoshi
Hiratsuka (平塚均), The advanced base for expanding fishery business to southern area: New
Southern Archipelago-Report of On-site Survey [漁業南進の前哨地.新南群島-實地調查記],
Cabbages, radishes and, in particular, sweet potatoes (a common staple
records prove that the soil of Taiping Island is capable of providing
adequate nutrients to grow vegetables to sustain human habitation.73
39. After the ROC government took over, and thereby recovered Taiping Island,
that produces a wide variety of tropical vegetables and fruits, including but
it conducted an investigation in 1947 and concluded that “Taiping Island
can be used for farming, and fruits and vegetables grown at that time can
supply army personnel stationed on the Island.”74 As of today, a significant
amount of agricultural produce is cultivated on Taiping Island.75 Taiping
Island has a functioning farm called “Happy Farm” (Chinese: 開心農場)
not limited to corn, sweet potatoes, okra, pumpkin, loofah gourds, bitter
melon, chili, and cabbage, providing a source of food that meets the needs
of people living on Taiping Island.76,77 Estimates show that the agricultural
production on Taiping Island can now supply food for hundreds of people.
40. Taiping Island is home to many tropical species, and also has an abundance
government, there are 450 species of coral reef fish, more than 190
of ocean resources. According to previous surveys conducted by the ROC
species of coral reefs, 140 species of benthos, and 117 species of seaweed
in the marine area of Taiping Island. Taiping Island is also a rest stop for
many migratory birds; based on the aforementioned surveys, at least 59
TAIWAN TIMES [台湾時報], May 1939, at 208-210. 73 Just like every other island in the world, additional supply from time to time would help improve
the quality and comfort of the residents on Taiping Island. However, receiving additional supply
does not disprove the fact that Taiping Island's vegetation is capable of sustaining human
habitation. 74 Investigation Report on Paracel and Nansha Islands, Jing-Kuang-Zi No. 05873, 2 March 2, 1948
(Case Name: Garrison on Taiping Island, File No. 0036/E41502/1). 75 See Exhibit 36, photographs of “Happy Farm” dated 23 January 2016. 76 See Exhibit 37, photographs of the crops in the Happy Farm dated 23 January 2016. 77 See Exhibit 1, Taiping Island Is an Island, Not a Rock, and the ROC Possesses Full Rights Associated
with an Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf in accordance with UNCLOS, ROC Ministry
http://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1EADDCFD4C6EC567&s=542A8C89D51D873
9 (last visited 14 March 2016). 78 See Li-Xing Fang (方力行) & Jian-Quan Li (李健全) (eds.), Policy Guiding Principles: The Report for
the Ecological Environment Survey on South Sea [行政院南海政策綱領:南海生態環境調查研究
報告書] (Council of Agriculture, ROC Executive Yuan, 1994). 79 Dar-Jen Tseng et al. (eds.), A FRONTIER IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA: BIODIVERSITY OF TAIPING ISLAND, NANSHA
41. When Japanese companies started mining on Taiping Island, their
employees found that there were many turtles and sea birds. Rats, which
seem to have been introduced by fishing boats, increased and thus the
Island acquired its nickname among the fishermen, “Rat Island”. Cats were
42. Livestock (chickens and goats) was also imported onto the Island, and
successfully reproduced on a sizable scale at “Happy Farm”, meeting the
43. It has long been recorded that Taiping Island has phosphate ore. In the
early 20th century, Japanese companies conducted mining since 1921, and
became more aggressive beginning in 1923. According to an article
published in the Taiwan Times in 1939, mining companies laid a railroad on
the land, built offices, warehouses, and dormitories, and constructed a
jetty and dug wells. The permanent facilities were completed in stages,
working for the mining companies at that time, while at certain times
and it was believed that there were about 200 people on the Island
83 Mining efforts continued when the
ROC government took over, and thereby recovered Taiping Island. From
1959 to 1985, the ROC government formed the “Institution of Ocean
ISLANDS [南疆沃海:南沙太平島生物多樣性] (Construction and Planning Agency, ROC Ministry of
the Interior, 2014). 80 See Exhibit 35, Noritaka Fujishima (藤島範孝), Discussions on the names of islands in the Southern
China Sea [南中国海(南海)諸島の島礁名について], 9 THE HOKKAIDO GENERAL EDUCATION REVIEW OF
KOMAZAWA UNIVERSITY [駒澤大學北海道教養部論集] 56-70 (1994). 81 Currently, there are chickens (180 in number), goats (12), and dogs (6) raised on the Island. The
goats, chickens, and eggs are a source of food for people on the island. See Exhibit 2, Remarks by
http://english.president.gov.tw/Default.aspx?tabid=1124&itemid=36634&view=home (last visited
14 March 2016). 82 See Exhibit 38, photographs of the goats and chickens, published on the official website of ROC
E&sms=37B41539382B84BA&s=542A8C89D51D8739 (last visited 14 March 2016). 83 See Exhibit 24, Yun-ichi Yamamoto (山本運一), The Brief History of the Sinnan Islands [新南群島略
史], 3(7) SCIENCE OF TAIWAN [科学の台湾], 23 (1939); see also Exhibit 39, Record of Exploration of
the New Southern Archipelago, Part II [新南群島探檢の記錄(下)], TAIWAN TIMES [台湾時報],
Resource Development” and “South China Sea Development Group” for
the purpose of mining phosphate ore and salvaging waste steel on the
44. As previously stated, Taiping Island has abundant ocean and fishery
Japanese Occupation period, and productive activities such as phosphoric
resources, which are sufficient to sustain economic life of its own.85 It was
also a major offshore fishing ground for tuna and shellfish during the
ore mining and seafood cannery operations were frequently observed
45. The great biological variety of Taiping Island also has great potential for
developing eco-tourism attractions. The Island has an extensive coral
ecosystem, estimated at more than 300 coral species. In addition to
developing tourism on the Island, it was reported that there were other
development plans, which include establishing a national park (marine
ecological park), a natural reserve87 and a study and training camp.
Moreover, considering that the Island has plentiful historical sites, it is also
believed that developing historical tours would be feasible in the future.89
Other activities which could sustain the economic life of Taiping Island
88
84 See Official Information of the South China Sea Development Group, Coast Guard Administration,
http://www.cga.gov.tw/GipOpen/wSite/ct?xItem=10574&ctNode=1306&mp=999 (last visited 14
March 2016). 85 See Li-Xing Fang (方力行) & Jian-Quan Li (李健全) (eds.), Policy Guiding Principles: The Report for
the Ecological Environment Survey on South Sea [行政院南海政策綱領:南海生態環境調查研究
報告書], (Council of Agriculture, ROC Executive Yuan, 1994). 86 See Exhibit 26, Histories of New Southern Archipelago [新南群島の今昔], TAIWAN TIMES [台湾時報],
May 1939, at 190-208. 87 ROC Kaohsiung City Government established a natural reserve for sea turtle on Taiping Island in
2007. See Marine Bureau, Kaohsiung City Government announced the establishment of Sea Turtles
http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/7/3/11/n1642496.htm (last visited 14 March 2016). 88 The Study Camp on Taiping Island has been organized by the ROC Ministry of National Defense for
colleague students, teachers and researchers, see The Brochure of the Nansha Camp, Political
http://gpwd.mnd.gov.tw/Publish.aspx?cnid=107&p=3613 (last visited 14 March 2016). 89 See Yann-Huei Song, Article 121(3) of the Law of the Sea Convention and the Disputed Offshore
Islands in East Asia: A Tribute to Judge Choon-Ho Park in GOVERNING OCEAN RESOURCES: NEW
CHALLENGES AND EMERGING REGIMES: A TRIBUTE TO JUDGE CHOON-HO PARK 61, 73-74 (van Jon M. Dyke ed.,
46. Based on the facts established above, it is clear that Taiping Island is an
island which can sustain human habitation and economic life of its own
under Article 121(1) and (3) of the UNCLOS. The CSIL welcomes any
enquiries the arbitrators may have regarding Taiping Island, including those
This AMICUS CURIAE submission presents the most updated opinion based on
recent on-site scientific surveys and studies in respect of the features of Taiping
Island, and supersedes any prior inconsistent statement on the same by any of the
Charng-Ven Chen
Former President, CSIL
Professor, National Chengchi University & Soochow University
Chun-I Chen
Former President, CSIL
Professor, National Chengchi University
Nigel N.T. Li
President, CSIL
Professor, Soochow University
Yann-Huei Song
Research Fellow
Institute of European and American Studies, Academia Sinica
Kuan-Hsiung Wang
Professor, Graduate Institute of Political Science
National Taiwan Normal University
Sheng-Ti Gau
Professor, Institute of Law of the Sea
National Taiwan Ocean University
Exhibit 1. Taiping Island Is an Island, Not a Rock, and the ROC Possesses Full
Rights Associated with an Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental
Shelf in accordance with UNCLOS, ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs Press
Exhibit 2. Remarks by President Ma on Taiping Island, ROC Office of the President
Exhibit 3. Kuan-Hsiung Wang, Claims in South China Sea Arbitration Undermine
Exhibit 4. Yann-Huei Song, The South China Sea Arbitration Filed by the
Efforts to Resolve Disputes, Malaya Business Insight, 5 January 2016.
Philippines against China: Arguments concerning Low Tide Elevations,
Rocks, and Islands, 21 China Oceans Law Review 294 (2015); see also
Yann-Huei Song, The South China Sea Arbitration Case and Legal Status
of Taiping island-Taiwan's view, Vol. 11, No. 2 CHINESE (TAIWAN) REVIEW OF
Exhibit 5. Yann-Huei Song, Legal Status of Taiping Island under the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 3 Korean Journal of
Exhibit 6. Robert Beckman, International Law, UNCLOS and the South China Sea
in BEYOND TERRITORIAL DISPUTES IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA 61 (Robert Beckman
Exhibit 7. Robert Beckman & Clive Schofield, Defining EEZ Claims from Islands: A
Potential South China Sea Change, 29 INT’L JOURNAL OF MARINE & COASTAL
Exhibit 8. Bill Hayton, THE SOUTH CHINA SEA: THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER IN ASIA (2014).
Exhibit 9. Photographs of the meeting minutes regarding the report of eight (8)
team members of a special task force from the Fisheries Research
Institute, ROC Council of Agriculture, who registered their permanent
residence on Taiping Island, provided by the ROC Ministry of Interior.
Exhibit 10. Photograph of the electricity facilities, published on the official website
Exhibit 12. Photograph of the Nansha Hospital, published on the official website of
Exhibit 13. Photographs of the Nansha Postal Agency, published on the official
website of ROC Southern Coastal Patrol Office, Coast Guard
Exhibit 14. Photograph of the Guanyin Temple, published on the official website of
Exhibit 20. Photograph of the command outpost of the ROC Coast Guard dated 23
Exhibit 22. Photographs of the old tomb, published on the official website of ROC
Exhibit 23. Unosuke Kokura (小倉卯之助), The Islands of Storm [暴風の島](1940).
Exhibit 24. Yun-ichi Yamamoto (山本運一), The Brief History of the Sinnan Islands
Exhibit 25. Determination Regarding Jurisdiction of New Southern Archipelago will
[新南群島略史], 3(7) Science of Taiwan [科学の台湾] (1939).
be Announced Today [新南群島の管轄決定きょう公告], OSAKA ASAHI
Exhibit 26. Histories of New Southern Archipelago [新南群島の今昔], Taiwan
Exhibit 27. Photographs of several buildings, a stele, temples, groundwater wells,
an abandoned wharf, provided by ROC Ministry of National Defense
(Case Name: Garrison on Taiping Island, File No. 0035/061.8/3030;
Case Name: Investigation Report on Paracel and Nansha Islands, File
No. 0035/944/1060) and ROC Ministry of Interior (Case Name:
Exhibit 28. Shou-Yeh Gong (宮守業) & Kuo-Yen Wei (魏國彥), Preliminary Studies
Exhibit 29. Ta-Wei Chang (張大偉), Water Quality and Agricultural Environment
Exhibit 30. Hitoshi Hiratsuka (平塚均), The advanced base for expanding fishery
Survey-Groundwater Quality and Hydrology Survey Report.
business to southern area: New Southern Archipelago-Report of
On-site Survey [漁業南進の前哨地.新南群島-實地調查記], Taiwan
Exhibit 31. Zueng-Sang Chen (陳尊賢), Brief Report of Soil Resources Survey of
Exhibit 32. Chien-Fan Chen (陳建帆), Water Quality and Agricultural Environment
Survey of Taiping Island-The Flora and Vegetation Survey Report.
Exhibit 34. Look, Japan Made Significant Marks Everywhere [見よ、到る所”日本”
の足跡は躍動], OSAKA ASAHI SHIMBUM [大阪朝日新聞], 6 September
Exhibit 35. Noritaka Fujishima (藤島範孝), Discussions on the names of islands in
the Southern China Sea [南中国海(南海)諸島の島礁名について], 9
The Hokkaido General Education review of Komazawa University [駒澤
Exhibit 37. Photographs of the crops at the ”Happy Farm” dated 23 January 2016.
Exhibit 38. Photographs of the goats and chickens, published on the official Exhibit 39. Record of Exploration of the New Southern Archipelago, Part II [新南群島探檢の記錄(下)], Taiwan Times [台湾時報], July-August 1939.
